6.1 Boundaries between Works
These guidelines recognise that real world cataloguing needs and data structures necessitate practical applications of conceptual modelling. To that end, the recommendations made in this chapter about determining boundaries for Works and Variants/Manifestations are based on an approach that emphasizes effective, efficient and economic data creation and maintenance: information that is common to all realisations of a Work or Variant is recorded once and is comprised of the shared information that will not change (for example, title, original creation date, creator, etc.). The Work description or record contains the index terms for describing a Work in the catalogue and fulfills the functions of disambiguation (distinguishes Works containing similar or identical titles) and collocation (brings together all the materials that are related to the Work and all Variants of a given Work). Variations in information describing the Work result in Variants or Manifestations, or new Works.
The boundaries between one Work and another (i.e where a new Work would be created rather than a Variant) are drawn on the basis of the following alterations to the content:1
6.1.1 Change in footage and/or changes in continuity (primary editing)2¶
Remakes of the same story/plot.
Example
The man who knew too much (UK, 1934, Alfred Hitchcock)
The man who knew too much (USA, 1956, Alfred Hitchcock)
Example
T’amerò sempre (Italy, 1933, Mario Camerini)
T’amerò sempre (Italy, 1943, Mario Camerini)
Example
Planet of the apes (United States of America, 1968, Franklin J. Schaffner)
Planet of the apes (United States of America, 2001, Tim Burton)
Example
Scarface (United States of America, 1932, Howard Hawks)
Scarface (United States of America, 1983, Brian De Palma)
Example
Die Dreigroschenoper (Germany, 1931, Georg Wilhelm Pabst)
Die Dreigroschenoper (Germany,1962, Wolfgang Staudte)
Different language versions shot at the same time, released simultaneously, sometimes with different casts.
Example
Dracula (United States of America, 1931, Tod Browning, Spanish and English)
Example
Anna Christie (United States of America, 1930, Clarence Brown, English; 1931, German)
Example
Der Fangschuß (France/Germany, 1976, Volker Schlöndorff, German)
Le Coup de grâce (France/Germany, 1976, Volker Schlöndorff, French)
Example
Die Dreigroschenoper (Germany, 1931, Georg Wilhelm Pabst, German)
L’opéra de quat’sous (France, 1931, Georg Wilhelm Pabst, French)
Example
La canzone dell’amore (United States of America, 1930, Gennaro Righelli, English)
Liebeslied (Germany, 1930, Constantin J. Davis, German)
La dernière berceuse (France, 1930, Jean Cassagne, French)
Editing of the same raw footage by different people into different sequences.
Example
Several separate Works made from the footage taken on Captain Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic expedition, 1910-13.
6.1.2 Change in textual or spoken word aspect¶
Complete alteration of dialogue and/or narration of an existing work.
Example
What’s Up Tiger Lily (USA, 1966) A film by Woody Allen, who utilised footage from the Japanese film Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: kagi no kagi (Japan, 1965. Director Senkichi Taniguchi) re-editing it and dubbing it with completely different dialogue, plus inserting some new scenes, which changed the whole plot and tone of the original.
6.1.3 Change in performance/performers¶
Each cinematographic realisation of a dramatic work.
Example
Moving image representations of the theatrical play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, where there is removal and/or replacement of substantially most of the contributors (e.g., cast and/or crew), associated with a work. This play has been produced as a moving image many times over the past 100 years, made in different countries and featuring different creators, crew and cast. All these constitute different Works even though they are based on, or moving image reproductions of the same play. Thus:
Macbeth (USA, 1916. Director - John Emerson; production company - D.W.Griffith; cast - Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Constance Collier) Macbeth (United Kingdom, 1979. Director - Philip Casson; production company - Thames Television; cast - Ian McKellen, Judi Dench) Macbeth (France, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, 2015. Director - Justin Kurzel; production company - See-Saw Films ; cast - Michael Fassbinder, Marion Cotillard)
Example
Chickens Come Home (1931) where the film was first shot in English,then re-shot with Spanish dialogue and additional Spanish-speaking actors.
If much of the original textual or spoken word material remains, most of the original footage remains in roughly the same continuity, however abridged, and substantially most of the contributors are the same, the existence of alterations more often than not constitute a Variant, rather than a new Work.