11.3 Supplied/Devised Titles

A title “made up” or assigned by the cataloguer. This is often applied to untitled or unidentified entities or production material.

This section helps in the construction of both partially or fully supplied/devised titles for Works, Variants, Manifestations and Items.

Partially or fully supplied/devised titles facilitate the discovery and identification of moving images without formal title. The title itself should be descriptive, describing the Work as succinctly as possible.[^29]

Supplied/Devised titles are implemented for:

• moving image entities (i.e., WMVI) intended to have a formal title but the title cannot be determined from any other source (i.e. moving image entities with “no titles”)

• moving image entities that were not intended to have a formal title (i.e. “untitled” moving image entities such as home movies)

• moving image entities that are unidentifiable.

The moving images may be monographic, multi-part or component part. They may also be edited, partially edited, or unedited; complete or incomplete.

These guidelines do not explicitly address the construction of supplied/ devised titles for collection-level records, although the principles would be the same. For collections of material based on the principle of provenance, refer to other standards such as General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)) or Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS).

It is recognised that in real-world cataloguing, the creation of supplied/devised titles must begin with an examination of the moving images (i.e. the sound and picture) on a Manifestation/Item.

Where appropriate, the supplied/devised title for Works and Variants will be inherited directly from the supplied/devised titles constructed for the Manifestations/Items (i.e., the “things” under consideration) from information sourced from the Manifestations/Items alone or in combination with accompanying documentation, or secondary sources.

NOTE: The guidelines for the construction of partially or fully supplied/devised titles have traditionally incorporated display concerns by recommending the consistent placement of different components of data in the title field of a record. Current data content standards, such as RDA, mean to separate display from content rules. These guidelines straddle the middle by providing recommendations for concatenating data in the title field, or allowing a more atomized way of indexing.

Additionally, some institutions place the partially or fully supplied/devised titles in square or rounded brackets. Traditionally, the presence of brackets indicates information taken from a place other than the Item being catalogued. Use the practice of your institution. Where possible, use a Title + Title Type approach. This approach effectively removes the need for brackets by establishing the Title is supplied/devised by the cataloguer. If there is no Title Type field then a Notes or other field could be utilised.

It is recommended that archive titles are devised following a pattern of:

Who/what: persons, events or objects What: activity Where: location When: time period Who/what: name of source or collection

The above elements can be combined with a form qualifier if relevant: i.e. Commercial, Rushes, Interview, or Screen test, etc.

Not all the above information has to be in the archive title if not discernible, but incorporating as many as possible using a consistent will aid identification.

Example

Lawrence of Arabia. Rushes

Example

Tram journey through Southampton 1902

Example

Warships. 1920s

Example

Tango. Orange genie. Commercial

Example

Jones Collection footage. No. 5

11.3.1 Partially Supplied/Devised Titles[^4]

Partially supplied/devised titles are applied in cases where the moving image content from a Manifestation/item has:

• a recognised form

and

• a relationship with, or is dependent upon, a particular moving image Work or Variant, or a multi-part Work.

Therefore, partially supplied/devised titles may be created for edited content that is a Work in its own right (e.g. trailers or a compilation of trailers) but connected to a larger Work; or unedited content that is derived from or otherwise has a dependent relationship to a Work (e.g. rushes).

Partially supplied/devised titles are basically augmented preferred titles for a Work/Variant. This augmentation traditionally appends a form term to the title itself, (e.g., Gone with the wind. Trailer).

Optionally, form terms may be left out of the title field and indexed as an attribute of the Work/Variant where possible or preferable.

Partially supplied/devised titles may be provided in cases of unidentified moving image content. For example, a Work may have a partially supplied/devised title in instances where a series/serial title is known but the episode or chapter title is not (e.g., The Mighty Boosh. Unidentified episode). Unedited footage from a known, named television programme (e.g. a compilation of outtakes from 60 Minutes) is another case where a Work may have a partially supplied/devised title.

Institutions should rely upon in-house lists of standardised form terms to be used as additions to/indexed as an attribute of such related titles, or utilise established standardised lists such as Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT), or rely upon the “form terms” list provided in List of form terms for Supplied/Devised titles.

General guidelines for Partially Supplied/Devised titles¹

Formulate the Partially supplied/devised title by recording in the order suggested, the following three components, in a manner that it will clearly and uniquely identify the content being catalogued.

i) The TITLE of the particular moving image Work or Variant, or multi-part Work to which the content has a recognised form and relationship with

And

ii) The FORM qualifier, e.g. Commercial, Interview, Rushes, Screentest, etc.

And/Or

iii) The NAME of Persons/Events/Objects, activity, location, time period (Who, What, Where, When)

Optionally, associate a form term with the Work through indexing the form term in a specific field(s).

Where applicable, more than one form term can be used, e.g., Frenzy. Promotional film. Rushes.

If the order or the number of the components cannot be met as prescribed, optionally, use a local practice that presents the data in a standardised way, even if such standardised presentations must be developed on a case-by-case basis, depending on the material itself as well as the context of an institution’s collection. A level of consistency can be maintained by following the general principles of description laid out in these guidelines.

When there is more than one Manifestation/Item with the same supplied/devised title, and there are no other means of further disambiguation, use a number to distinguish them.

The source(s) of information of the supplied/devised title should be made clear, whether in notes or through some other structured method for correlating data to its source(s).

A relationship between the title and the title type should be established such that the title constructed by the cataloguer is named and identified as “supplied” or “devised,” whether within the title itself or via a juxtaposed field such as “Title Type.” If there is no Title Type field then a Notes or other field could be utilised.

Some archives place the entire sequence of components in the title field in brackets.

Other archives place only the qualifying form term in square or round brackets.

Example

Le Cercle Rouge. Theatrical trailer

The misfits. TV trailers

L’armée des ombres. Rushes

Le samourai. Excerpt

OR

Example

Le Cercle Rouge (Theatrical trailer)

The misfits (TV Trailers)

L’armée des ombres (Rushes)

Le samourai (Excerpt)

OR

Example

[Le Cercle Rouge. Theatrical trailer]

[The Misfits. TV trailers]

L’armée des ombres [Rushes]

[Le samourai. Excerpt]

OR

Example

Title: Le Cercle Rouge, Form: Theatrical trailer

Title: The Misfits, Form: TV trailers

Title: L’armée des ombres, Form: Rushes

Title: Le samourai, Form: Excerpt

For constructing partially supplied/devised titles where the moving image is a component part of a known larger Work, but the title of the component part is not known:

If the content probably was released or broadcast or published with a title, but the title is missing, supply/devise a title with the word “unidentified.” If it is known that the content falls into a form category, add a form term as listed in the “form term” list.²

Descriptive phrases, which are short statements summarising the moving image, can also be used in association with a titled Work, in conjunction with the form term.

Any further description may be added following a period, or a dash.³ For example, the type of test (screen test), the person tested, or the particular sequence(s) in an excerpt, may be specified in the title field where necessary or warranted.

Optionally (or additionally), this data can also be indexed in specific fields dedicated to this content.

Use numbers to distinguish separate content when there is more than one unidentified segment in a particular descriptor category.

Example

The Mighty Boosh. Unidentified episode

OR

Example

Series Title: The Mighty Boosh

Episode Title: Unidentified episode

Example

Flash Gordon conquers the universe. Unidentified episode.

OR

Example

Series Title: Flash Gordon conquers the universe

Episode Title: Unidentified episode

Example

This hour has seven days. Unidentified episode. International espionage. 196?

OR

Example

Series Title: This hour has seven days

Episode Title: Unidentified episode

Summary/Content description: International espionage

Year: 196?

Example

Heckle and Jeckle. Unidentified cartoon.

OR

Example

Series Title: Heckle and Jeckle

Episode Title: Unidentified episode

11.3.2 Fully Supplied/Devised Titles

Fully supplied/devised titles are applied in cases where the moving image content from a Manifestation/Item has no formal title and a formal title cannot be established from the entity itself or accompanying documentation, or other secondary sources.

General guidelines for FULLY Supplied/Devised titles

Formulate the FULLY supplied/devised title by recording in the order suggested, the following TWO components, in a manner that will clearly and uniquely identify the con- tent being catalogued.

1) The NAME of Persons/Events/Objects, activity, location, time period (Who, What, Where, When)

AND/OR

2) A FORM qualifier, e.g. Commercial, Interview, Rushes, Screentest, etc. [Either added as a component to the title itself, or indexed in specific field(s)]

Where ascertainable, when the content being described consists of one specific form, supply the form using standardised vocabulary.⁴

Optionally (or additionally), establish a link with the form index adopted by the archive.

Institutions should rely upon in-house lists of standardised form terms, or utilise established standardised lists such as Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT), or rely upon the list provided in List of form terms for Supplied/Devised titles.

Example

Announcements

Bloopers

Commercials

Home movies

If the content being described consists of two or more forms, record the one or two most predominate forms followed by the phrase “and other content,”⁵ or “and other segments” or something similar as long as consistency is achieved.

Example

CBS bloopers, commercials and other content

It is recommended that institutions stipulate within the supplied/devised title that the footage is unedited (e.g. “unedited footage” or “unedited content”), as an overall way of characterising the form of the content. This may not be appropriate in all cases.⁶

Example

Animals. Unedited footage

Example

Boulder transmission line tests. Unedited footage

Example

Cattle herd. Stock footage

Example

Kennedy presidential campaign. Arrival, Boston. Unedited footage

Example

Trains, night clubs, Santa Ana Freeway. Stock shots

Example

Unedited. Kleine Collection footage

Example

Unedited. Jones Collection footage. No. 5

Where ascertainable, supply standardised or controlled terms or phrases that most precisely and succinctly characterise what the content is about (e.g. persons, corporate bodies, objects, activities, events, geographical area).

Where ascertainable, record the name(s) of the person(s), family (families) or corporate body (bodies) predominately responsible for the creation, assembly, accumulation and/or maintenance of the content.⁷ An agent relationship should be associated with a Work, Variant or Manifestation/item depending on the type of contribution involved.

Record or index the name(s) in the form by which the creator/collector/assembler, etc. is generally known in natural language order.⁸

If no name has been recorded, but the subject of the content is a person, family or corporate body, express the title in a way that clearly indicates that the subject of the content is the named person, family or corporate body.⁹

Example

Compilation on Emmanuelle Devos

Early balloon footage.

World War I patriotic marches. No. 3

Ads and tours of Seattle industry

Ponselle, Rosa. Screentests.

Theodore Roosevelt. 1905 inaugural ceremony. Speeches

James Cagney, ca. 1965. Interviews

ABC Network fall season preview. 1964-65 season. Unedited footage

optionally: Unedited footage. ABC Network fall season preview. 1964-65 season

Academy Awards, 17th. Best actor and actress. Unedited footage

optionally, Unedited footage. Academy Awards, 17th. Best actor and actress

optionally, Unedited 17th Academy Awards footage. Best actor and actress

Academy Awards. Award presentation, Conrad Nagel. Unedited footage

Anna Held. Unedited footage

CBS logo reel

Eddie Cantor and others. Unedited footage

World Series, 1956. Game no. 7. Unedited footage

For unidentified moving images, use the term “unidentified” in the title. Use numbers to distinguish separate content when there is more than one unidentified segment in a particular descriptor category.

Example

Unidentified cartoon

Unidentified cartoon. Warner Brothers

optionally: Unidentified Warner Brothers cartoon

Unidentified short about Africa

Unidentified film. James Cagney/Joe E. Brown

Unidentified equestrian film

Unidentified films. Excerpts

Unidentified film. Kay Kyser musical

optionally: Unidentified Kay Kyser musical

Unidentified film. Warner Brothers. Outtakes

optionally: Unidentified Warner Brothers outtakes

Unidentified film. Western

optionally: Unidentified Western

Unidentified newsreel. Excerpts. Auto race subjects, 1930s

Unidentified newsreel. Native American ritual dances, fifth wheel car, Fremont

High game

Unidentified newsreel, Russian

optionally: Unidentified Russian newsreel

Unidentified shorts

Unidentified television programme. Wrestling. DuMont prod. no. 1757

Travelogue. Greenland expedition. Unidentified excerpts

Unidentified television series. Quiz show. Unidentified episodes

For a more comprehensive list of form terms to use with FULLY or PARTIALLY Supplied/Devised titles, see table List of form terms for Supplied/Devised titles [ADD LINK].

11.3.3 Fragments/segments of unidentified moving images (film or television programmes)

Similar principles apply to any unidentified and incomplete segments or fragments of films or television programmes that have been acquired.

For example, a reel of a silent fiction film with no title given on either the print or can, or any indication of what it is, other than it is clearly part of a longer film, should be assigned a relevant Item title in accordance with the guidelines in Supplied/Devised Titles (i.e. Creating titles for untitled/unidentified entities or production material), for example:

Example

Unidentified silent film segment

or where possible following the who/what/where/when ordering principles in creating a devised title.[^44]

Example

Medieval battle segment. Unidentified silent film

OR

Example

Unidentified silent film. Medieval battle segment

The Item title would then be utilised to create the Manifestation and Work level records as well.

In such cases the Work would be assigned the attribute Monographic. Analytic is only used for a whole component rather than a fragment of a whole.

Square brackets around a whole devised title are optional, as this can alternatively be inferred by use of a Supplied/Devised Title Type designation. Many electronic systems can be punctuation sensitive, so presence of square brackets [], particularly at the start of a title, could impact on searchability.

11.3.4 List of form terms for Supplied/Devised titles[^1]

FORM TERM	USE	EXAMPLES
announcement(s) --- TV announcement(s) -- Theatre announcement(s)	Television or theatrical announcements (short, non-commercial content shown to theatre audiences for various purposes, including requesting the audience not to smoke, talk, etc.) Does not include Public Service Announcements. Archives may use the general term “announcements” or more specific description such as “TV announcement.” For announcements clearly designed to be aired during a particular programme or for a particular moving image work, create a partially supplied/devised Title.	- Announcements. NBC - Announcements. AMC Theatres - Theatre announcements. Animated no smoking announcements - Theatre announcements. Burnley Collection - Forever Amber. Theater announcement - The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Announcement. Special message. Salesman greetings
blooper(s)/gag reel(s)	Also known as blow-ups. For blooper(s)/gag reel(s) associated to a particular program or for a particular moving image work, create a partially supplied/devised Title.	- Bloopers. CBS - McCabe \
commercial(s) - TV commercial(s) - Internet commercial(s)	When possible, add: - name of the product; - kind of the product (if not clear from the name of the product); - name of the company (if not clear from the name of the product). At the moving image work level include additional information, if available: - the year it was broadcast or released; - actors, actresses or other prominent people who appear; - whether the commercial is animated or is a singing commercial (i.e. includes a jingle); - whether the item catalogued is a demo reel or part of a demo reel (a sample of the commercials made by a particular agency, for example). For commercials designed to be aired during a particular television or Internet programme, create a partially supplied/devised Title.	- Commercials. Ajax - Commercials. Alka-Seltzer. Spanish - Commercials. Animated. United World Films - Commercials. Bel Air and Raleigh cigarettes. 1962 - Commercials. Box no. 16 - Commercials. Carnation evaporated milk. Burns and Allen - Commercials. Cigarettes - Commercials. Classic TV commercials - Commercials. Colgate toothpaste. If you had a million - Commercials. IBA Awards, 21st. Animated - Commercials. Kellogg’s cereals. Beverly Hillbillies cast - The Burns and Allen Show. Commercials - Naught For Hire. Internet commercials
debate(s)	For a formal debate between two people; do not use for, e.g. ‘U.N. Cypress debates’. For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Debates. California gubernatorial. Jerry Brown-Evelle Younger, no. 1 - Debates. California’s gubernatorial. Minority candidates, no. 1 - Debates. Democratic presidential candidates. 1984-04-05 - Debates. Presidential candidates. Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, no. 1
electronic press kit(s)	Use fully supplied/devised titles for unidentifiable videos. For electronic press kits created for a particular moving image (theatrical, television or Internet programme).	- Unidentified electronic press kit. - A League of Their Own. Electronic Press Kit - 61st Annual Academy Awards Show. Electronic Press Kit
excerpt(s)	For moving image content identified as being sequence(s), segment(s), clip(s), or fragment(s) (except, for “newsclip(s),” and “study fragment(s),” see below). Not for content that is simply incomplete. For excerpts clearly associated to a particular moving image work, create a partially supplied/devised Title.	- Unidentified Rudolph Maté fragments - Unidentified television programme. Segment. Interview with Evans Frankenheimer - Gone With the Wind. Excerpt - King of Jazz. Excerpts. Dancing sequences - Toast of the town. Excerpt. Imogene Coca segment - Unfaithfully yours. Excerpts - Dark half. Excerpts. Review clips
fight(s)	For an official fight between two or more people; do not use for, e.g. Ultimate Fighting Championship fights. For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Fights. Dempsey vs. Levinsky - Fights. Moore vs. Martinez. Archie Moore, Martinez fight, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
home movies/personal record(s)/domestic record(s)	Do not use merely for footage shot by an amateur; amateur-shot factual footage should be treated as ‘unedited footage’ (see Unedited footage below). “Home movies” should be used only for moving images recording personal or family events, usually filmed or recorded by an amateur (FIAF Glossary). For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Home movies. Brisson, Kryssing - Home movies. Robert A. Taft, Sr.
infomercial(s)	For a commercial presentation that combines advertising with information, and is very similar in appearance to a news programme, talk show, or other non-advertising programme content. Generally is much longer than a
commercial. Common on cable networks. When possible, add: - name of the product; - kind of the product; - name of the company, in that order of preference. For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Infomercial. Household products - Infomercial. Eggies System. Hassle-free hard boiled eggs. - Infomercial. Happy Nappers. Play pillows.
interview(s)	For an interview related to a particular moving image (theatrical, television or Internet programme), create a partially supplied/devised title.	- Interview. Paul Coates interviews John F. Kennedy - Interview. Walt Disney - George Stevens: A Filmmaker’s Journey. Interviews. Ann Del Valle, John Del Valle, Rouben Mamoulian
music	For soundtracks or scores associated with a particular moving image; includes supplementary music such as overtures, intermission music and exit music.	- Olimpiada en Mexico. Overture - Broken Blossoms. Music
music cuts	Use only for fully supplied/devised titles (see “trims” for partially supplied/devised Titles).	- Music cuts. Big band - Music cuts. Lyn Murray Orchestra - Music cuts. Themes for sports announcements - Music cuts. Unidentified orchestra
music video(s)	For video shorts, such as those shown on MTV, designed to exhibit a musical work. Includes videos related to moving image works, (i.e. a song from a soundtrack and having images of the moving image work). Use fully supplied/devised titles for unidentifiable music videos.	Dancing in the Street. Music video. - Wild Wild West. (1999). Music video. - Unidentified music video.
newsclip(s)	Use for edited news segments from newsreels and/or television broadcasts (FIAF 1.5.2.2.) For clips from a particular news programme, use a partially supplied/devised title.	Newsclips from various newsreels. No. 5 - Newsclips. CBS News. No. 5 - Newsclips. Kinograms - Newsclip. WRC-TV News. Cagney, James - CBS News. Newsclips. 2011 U.S. recession
outtakes	For content identified as being cuts or outtakes from a particular moving image.	Casablanca. Outtakes
pilot	For television or Internet programmes.	The Brady bunch. Pilot
political programme(s)	For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Political programme. Illinois gubernatorial campaign, 1990. Steven Baer for Governor
political spot(s)	For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Political spots. California gubernatorial campaign, 1966. Ronald Reagan and Edmund G. Brown - Political spots. California State Assembly campaign, 1973. Bill Lockyear for 14th Assembly - Political spots. Kennedy presidential campaign. Adlai Stevenson for Kennedy
press conference(s)	For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Press conference. Kennedy presidential campaign. Los Angeles, Ambassador Hotel - Press conference. President Richard Nixon
promotional(s) promotional film (s) promotional video (s)	Also known as Demo reel(s)/demo tape(s) for advertisements and convention films prepared for exhibitors, industry people, etc. rather than audiences. For content publicising a particular moving image, including 1) a compilation of scenes from a moving image, used to sell the idea of making the moving image to potential backers, or prepared for exhibitors, industry people, etc., rather than audiences, or, 2) promotional content that is too long to be considered a trailer, e.g. a featurette or behind-the-scenes film or profile of the actor(s) or director(s).	- The arrangement. Promotional film - Frenzy. Promotional film. Rushes - Thelma \
publicity	For information disseminated in order to attract public notice, promoting a network or collection of programmes; separate from theatrical or TV trailers, announcements, or promotionals. For information disseminated in order to attract public notice in relationship with a particular moving image, use a partially supplied/devised title; separate from theatrical or TV trailers, announcements, or promotionals. Includes short publicity spots designed for television that promotes a particular, upcoming television show.	- Promos - Promos. CBS (advertisements for the network itself) - Promos.
NBC programs (a collection of promos for NBC programs) - The Three Musketeers. (1993). Publicity - 62nd Annual Academy Awards Show. TV publicity
public service announcement(s)	For television or theatrical PSAs. For PSAs designed to be aired during a particular television or Internet programme or theatrical screening, use a partially supplied/devised title.	- Public service announcements - Public service announcements. Army. Join the people who’ve joined the Army - Public service announcements. Community and church groups - Public service announcements. Filmex - Public service announcements. Handicapped children - Public service announcements. March of Dimes theatrical spot - The Snake Pit. Public service announcement. Statement by Department of Public Health, Province of Saskatchewan
rehearsal(s)	For content showing rehearsals of a particular moving image. Use fully supplied/devised titles for unidentifiable rehearsals.	- The adventures of Ellery Queen. Prescription for Treason. Rehearsal - Unidentified television programme. Rehearsal
rushes	For content identified as being the first print made of a day’s filming for a particular moving image.	- An act of murder. Rushes
sound effects	For sound effects related to a particular moving image. Use fully supplied/devised titles for sound effects where the moving image work is not known, or for unedited sound effects.	- Das Boot. Sound effects. - Unidentified feature film. Sound effects. - Unidentified sound effects. Compilation
speech(es)	For fully supplied/devised titles only.	- Speech. Kennedy presidential campaign. A time for greatness - Speech. Kennedy presidential campaign. Louisville, Ky - Speech. Kennedy presidential campaign. United Auto Workers
study fragment(s)	For excerpted content from a particular moving image to be used for the purposes of teaching.	- Some Like It Hot. Study fragment
test(s)	For content identified as being screentests, wardrobe tests, prop tests, etc., for a particular moving image, create a partially supplied/devised title.	- Tests. Buzz Henry screen test - Tests. UCLA acting, directing, camera tests - Gone With the Wind. Color test. - À bout de souffle. Screen test. Jean-Paul Belmondo.
theatre advertising		Theater advertising. Bennett and Bedell advertisement
trailer(s) theatrical trailer(s) TV trailer(s) Internet trailer(s)	For an advertisement for a particular moving image, to be screened in theatres, on television or streamed on the Web; includes teaser trailers. Archives may use the general term “trailers” or more specific description such as “TV trailer.” For multi-part Manifestations/items formed by more than one trailers. For trailers connected to a particular moving image work, create a partially supplied/devised Title. Do not confuse with public service announcements, theatre advertising, announcements, political spots, etc.	- Trailers. Republic titles - La Haine. Trailer - Three on a match. Theatrical trailer - Dai-Nihonjin. TV trailer
trims	For portions of a moving image scene or soundtrack (e.g. music cuts) left over after the selected section has been used in final cutting.	- The Exorcist. Trims - Directed by William Wyler. Interview trims.
unedited footage	For unedited footage shot for a particular moving image programme, or series.	- 60 minutes. 1969-01-07. Unedited footage. Smothers Brothers reading. Newhart, airport controller
unedited newsfilm	For unedited footage shot for a news programme or news series; includes television and newsreels.	- Movietone News. Lowell Thomas Remembers. Unedited newsfilm.
unedited sound track	For unedited sound track recorded for a particular moving image.	- Stargate: The Ark of Truth. Unedited sound track

---

1. This section, including form terms and examples, is based on or taken from FIAF 1.4.3 Additions to titles;Yee/UCLA 5.1.2; AMIM2 1F1.1 ↩

2. Taken almost wholly from Yee/UCLA, 5.2.2.1. Unidentified materials released or broadcast with a title ↩

3. The punctuation used is less important than following a consistent order and conforming to standard terminology. ↩

4. Adapted from DACS, 2.3.18, pp. 20-21. ↩

5. Adapted from DACS, 2.3.18, pp. 20-21. ↩

6. Based on Yee/UCLA, 5.2.3 ↩

7. DACS, 2.3.4, p. 18. ↩

8. DACS, 2.3.4, p. 18. ↩

9. Adapted from DACS, 2.3.22, p. 22. ↩